Maria
Camila Correa was born in Colombia and relocated to the United States at the
age of seven. She received a Bachelor’s in Photojournalism from the University
of Florida, with minors in Spanish and Anthropology, and a Master’s in
Children’s Literature and Literacies from the University of Glasgow. The
following is a summary of her Master’s dissertation. She spends her free time
taking photos and on the floor of the children’s section at the
local bookstore, poring over the details of newly published picturebooks.
Aim
My investigation focuses on Korean picturebook
artist Suzy Lee’s Border Trilogy, consisting of three nearly-wordless
picturebooks. Each invites us to enter the world of an imaginative little girl,
a world divided by the border between two pages. To analyse the picturebooks
and derive meaning from them, I called upon the theories developed by Swiss
psychoanalyst Carl Jung. His branch of psychoanalysis – analytical psychology –
is concerned with the developmental process of the individual psyche, a process
known as individuation.
My argument is that each of the books in Lee’s
Border Trilogy depicts this process of individuation as experienced by the
protagonist. Ultimately, I focus on the girl’s maturation, the changes brought
about by the experiences she encounters in each of the books and by the
integration of opposite elements. I argue that the application of analytical
psychology to the analysis of texts, despite the heavy criticism it has faced,
still has something to offer: a fresh perspective from which to penetrate the
multiple meanings a text can harbor.
Analysis
Mirror (2010),
Wave (2008), and Shadow (2010)
form the Border Trilogy, so called because they each play with the border
between illusion and reality, and with the physical borders of the material
book – particularly the gutter that forms at the intersection of both pages.
Mirror
Mirror invites readers to witness the interaction
between a girl and her own reflection. Although wary of the other at first, the
girl’s curiosity brings them closer, and closer still, until both figures
disappear into the gutter of the book. When they re-emerge, each is independent
of the other. This upsets the girl, who realizes her counterpart is no longer
mirroring her movements, and she gives the other side a push. The mirror falls
and breaks, shattering the image of the second girl.
From a Jungian perspective, Mirror illustrates the stages of the
individuation process. The overall pattern of one girl, then two, back to one
and their movements towards and away from each other reflect the push and pull
between the ego and the self during maturation. Figure 1, taken from
Alschuler’s chapter in The Cambridge Companion to Jung (Young-Eisendrath and
Dawson, 1997), represents
the stages of individuation, from “unconscious unity” to “conscious wholeness.”
Figure 1: Stages of the
Individuation Process
Humans, according to Jung, are born into the
collective unconscious, initially lacking any sense of self-identity. The first
stage of individuation occurs during infancy when the ego emerges from the
unconscious and becomes the center of personal identity. The second stage is
marked by the alienation of the ego, which produces two facets of personality:
the persona, the outward-facing identity that adapts to the standards of
society, and the Shadow, the inner personality containing instincts and
repressed emotions. The third and final stage concerns the reintegration of the
ego with the self, which is accomplished through the withdrawal of projections
(the integration of the Shadow) and the simultaneous growth of consciousness.
In Mirror,
the instant the girl catches sight of her reflection is the moment she becomes
aware of her own image, a first step on the journey toward consciousness. The
alienation of the ego or split in personality is represented by the
introduction of a second entity, that of the mirror image. The girls befriend
each other, symbolizing the consolidation of their ego identity. Although both
merge completely at one point, the result is emptiness instead of wholeness.
Before integration can occur, a confrontation must take place. The following
pages witness the struggle between the persona and shadow: the persona embodied
by the reflection, a superficial identity, and the shadow manifested in the
original image. The reflection represents what the external world sees of the
girl’s personality, and this does not always correspond to the actions and
emotions that occur within her. This
tension between opposites eventually leads to the girl’s rejection of the
other, culminating in the destruction of the projection and in the realization
of the Self, which “is like that immediacy and simplicity of the beginning,
because it is the result, that which has returned into itself…” (Kelly, 1993:
27). This is seen in the parallel between the first and final illustrations,
which feature the girl in the exact same pose.
Wave
“I have
a feeling that the ebb and flow of waves share the same rhythm as books. And
above all there is the fact that when we look at the sea we all see the same
thing, no matter what part of the world we find ourselves in: children and
adults alike play to chase the waves and escape from them. There is an
instinctive happiness implicit in that game. You try not to get wet, but, in
the end, succumb to the waves.” (Lee, 2014: 40-41)
Wave transports readers to a beach, where a girl,
accompanied by five seagulls, playfully engages in silent dialogue with a wave.
Eventually, the girl crosses the boundary that separates her from the wave, and
joyfully splashes around in the water. When an intimidating wave forms, the
girl rushes back to the other side, and, thinking she is safe, sticks her
tongue out at the wave. As if instigated, the wave crashes onto the girl’s page.
When it retreats, we see the girl, drenched and surprised to find the shells
the wave has left behind.
Lee’s quote above refers to the universality of
this story’s premise, a universality that Jung would likely argue is tied to
our collective unconscious: a depository of humanity’s ancestral knowledge. I propose, then, that in the case of Wave
the ocean can be seen as a representation of the collective unconscious. As she
“succumbs to the wave,” the little girl is immersed in the multitude of
experiences that form the collective unconscious. Her ego, the center of
consciousness, is to be shaped by this knowledge; “The development of the ego
is firmly rooted in the child’s relation to group pressures. Its structure is
grounded in the values of the collective” (Gray, 1996: 172).
Although she remains
an individual in the end – separate from the wave – she is nevertheless changed
by it, as it evident by the change in color of her dress and shoes. The shells
deposited by the sea could be seen as archetypes, which are, like shells, hollow
(that is, they are not determined by content but by form, and exist as an
outline of the representation that will emerge once it is brought to
consciousness). The girl’s mother, a visual manifestation of the girl’s
ancestry, presumably watches from afar as her daughter is inducted into the
collective consciousness. Her shoes are also stained blue; she has also
undergone this rite of passage.
Shadow
In Shadow,
a girl standing on boxes in what appears to be an attic turns on a light,
creating shadow representations of each object in the room, and the girl begins
to move and make figures of her own shadow. Slowly, the shadows transform into
their own entities, simultaneously causing the ‘real’ objects to disappear from
the opposite page. The girl’s shadow becomes a wolf that violates the boundary
and crosses into the girl’s realm. Afraid, the girl dives into the jungle land
of the shadows. Alone, the wolf begins to cry, until the girl and the other
creatures befriend him. Their ensuing celebration is interrupted by a call
beckoning the girl back to reality. She turns off the light, but readers
observe the shadows come to life again in her absence.
According to Charles Butler (in Reynolds and
Grenby, 2011: 174), the shadow is “The place where we project all the qualities
that we possess but do not wish to acknowledge, although according to Jung it
is also the seat of creativity, and must be acknowledged in order to achieve
psychic health.” In the case of Shadow, the
creative potential of the girl’s unconscious shadow is evident in the richness
of the world she envisions.
The shadow seeks outward expression through
projection, or the transposition of something unconscious onto an outer object
(Franz, 1998). This is perhaps why the girl’s shadow appears in the form of a
wolf instead of her own image: she is projecting (quite literally) her own dark
qualities onto other entities. This can also be seen as a continuation of Lee’s
game of opposites; she refers to the wolf as masculine (2014), creating several
dichotomies: female vs. male, human vs. animal, tame vs. wild.
Jung claims that the shadow is “merely somewhat
inferior, primitive, unadapted, and awkward; not wholly bad. It even contains
childish or primitive qualities […]” (Hull and Jung, 2014: 134). This becomes clear in Shadow when the wolf begins to cry. He is simply misunderstood, and
what had come across as aggression was perhaps only a playful attempt at
interaction. The changing attitude of the girl towards the wolf represents
successful integration, acknowledgement and respect for its existence. It is no
longer a scary monster trying to swallow her whole, but a friend who has gained
relative independence and who can be revisited.
Conclusion
The visual dialogue in each book reaches its
climax when the two opposing elements merge or come together, diluting the
border. In order for this to occur, Lee’s protagonist has to overcome fear:
fear of an uncanny reflection, fear of the wave, fear of the wolf. She has to
weigh the intensity of her curiosity against that of her fear, and decides each
time to honor the former. Each time, too, she is rewarded for her bravery with
an experience that breeds moments of unadulterated joy. Lee’s protagonist takes
chances, and in the process learns something new, mainly the realisation that
things aren’t always what they appear to be. One’s reflection may act
unexpectedly, formidable waves may bring tiny gifts, and wolves that seem
frightening may only wish to be understood. Jung saw the archetype of the child
as closely linked to the process of individuation, claiming that it “paves the
way for a future change of personality” and “anticipates the figure that comes
from the synthesis of conscious and unconscious elements in the personality. It
is therefore a symbol which unites the opposites” (Jung, cited in Pietikäinen,
1999: 229).
Exposure to postmodern picturebooks like
Lee’s engages children in abstract thinking from a very young age. One of the primary goals
of education is to form a bridge between the student and the world, but also a
bridge inward, cultivating identity
and self-knowledge. If we agree that this also applies to literature and the
act of reading, we can better appreciate the contribution of Jung’s theories.
References
Franz, M. (1998). C.G. Jung: His Myth in Our Time.
Toronto: Inner City Books.
Gray,
R. (1996). Archetypal explorations. London: Routledge.
Hull, R. F. C, and C. G Jung. Collected Works Of C.G.
Jung, Volume 11: Psychology And Religion: West And East. 1st ed. Princeton
University Press, 2014. Print.
Kelly,
S. (1993). Individuation and the absolute. New York: Paulist Press.
Lee, S. (2008). Wave.
San Francisco: Chronicle Books.
Lee, S. (2010). Shadow.
San Francisco: Chronicle Books.
Lee, S. (2010). Mirror.
New York: Seven Footer Kids.
Lee, S. (2014). La
trilogía del límite. Albolote, [Granada]: Barbara Fiore.
Pietikäinen, P. (1999). C.G.
Jung and the psychology of symbolic forms.
Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica.
Reynolds,
K. and Grenby, M. (2011). Children's
literature studies. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
Young-Eisendrath, P. and Dawson, T. ed., (1997). The Cambridge Companion to Jung. 1st ed.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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